Causes of Thumb Sucking | Effects | Treatments for Child
Thumb sucking is usually involves placing the thumb into the mouth and rhythmically repeating sucking contact for a prolonged duration.
At birth, a baby will reflexively suck any object placed in mouth; this is the sucking reflex responsible for breast feeding. from the very first time they engage in nutritive feeding, infants learn that the habit can not only provide valuable nourishment, but also a great deal of pleasure, comfort and warmth.as the child grows older, and is eventually weaned off the nutritional sucking, they can either develop alternative means for receiving those same feelings by beginning to suck their thumb or finger.
Thumb Sucking Causes:
Thumb sucking is observed when the child is Tired, Screed, and Bored. There are times when child feels sick or sleepy or when trying to adjust at new places such as preschool and day care, Kids will get used to Thumb Sucking.
Various theories are given by different people to explain thumb sucking habit.
- Psychoanalytical theory
- Oral drive theory
- Learning theory
- Root reflex theory
Psychoanalytical theory:
Proposed by S.FREUD.
When kids feel more of insecurity or some underlying disturbances they will addict for Thumb sucking. Even stress can cause the thumb sucking habit to kids.
If we try to break the habit without eliminating the underlying cause then the thumb sucking is substituted by some other antisocial activity.
Oral drive theory:
Proposed by SEARS & WISE
When kids are exposed more to Prolongation of nursing or Strengthens the oral drive Thumb Sucking appears. To satisfy the oral drive child starts with thumb sucking.
Learning theory:
Based on this theory the cause of thumb sucking is adaptive response.no psychological cause. This is acquired as the result of learning.
Root reflex theory:
Proposed by BENJAMEIN.
Root reflex irks the movement of the infants head and tongue towards an object touching his cheek.the object is usually the mother’s breast but may also be a finger or a pacifier. This reflex disappears in normal infants around 7-8 months of age.
Phases of Development:
Phase1:-normal & sub clinically significant seen in first 3 years of life
Phase2:-clinically significant.it indicates that the child is under great anxiety.
Phase3:-intractable sucking. Thumb sucking persisting beyond the 4th or 5th year od life.
Effects of thumb sucking:
- Changes in the dental arch and supporting tissues
- Severity of malocclusion depends on
- Duration-the amount of the time spent for thumb sucking
- Frequency-number of times the habit is activated in a day
- Intensity-the vigor with which the habit is performed.
Children’s who rest their thumbs passively in their mouths are less likely to have dental problems than children who suck aggressively.
- Labial tipping of upper front teeth results in proclination
- Increased overjet
- The cheek muscles contract during thumb sucking resulting in a narrow maxillary arch which can cause posterior cross bite.
- Child may get tongue thrust habit as a result of the open bite.
- Thumb becomes red and chopped.
Thumb Sucking Treatment:
Psychological:
The parents should be counseled to provide the child with adequate love and effection.the childs attention should be diverted to other things such as playing with toys.
- Motivate the child to break the habit
- Praise the child when he is not sucking his thumb
- Avoid punishing or shaming the child
- Distract the child with other activities which requires both hands
Chemical approach:
Use of bitter tasting or foul smelling preparation placed on the thumb that is sucked can make the habit distasteful. ex:asafetida, quinine
Mechanical aids:
A dentist will give the mechanical aids to break the habit.
These are 2 types
- Removable:-passive removable appliance consists of a crib and is anchored on the posterior teeth by means of clasps
- Fixed:-heavy gauge stainless steel wire can be designed to form a frame that is soldered to bands on the molars..
Bandaging the thumb and elbow
Thumb guard:-it is a devise with plastic cover of the thumb that is attached to a child’s wrist. this guard interrupt the process by breaking the vacuum created by sucking, thus removing the child’s pleasure.