Viva Question and Answers Related to Cardiovascular System

Here are 50 viva questions and answers related to the cardiovascular system:

1. What is the cardiovascular system?

1. • The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

1. What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

1. • The main components are the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood.

1. Describe the structure of the heart.

1. • The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers – two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). It is divided into the left and right sides by a septum.

1. What is the function of the atria in the heart?

1. • The atria receive blood returning to the heart from the body (right atrium) and lungs (left atrium).

1. Explain the role of the ventricles.

1. • Ventricles pump blood out of the heart. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.

1. What is the purpose of heart valves?

1. • Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow within the heart. The atrioventricular (AV) valves are between atria and ventricles, and semilunar valves are at the exits of the ventricles. Viva Question and Answers Related to Virology

1. Define systole and diastole.

1. • Systole is the phase when the heart contracts to pump blood, while diastole is the phase when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

1. How does blood circulate through the body?

1. • Blood is pumped from the heart to the arteries, which carry it to the body’s tissues. It then returns to the heart via veins.

1. What is the role of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

1. • Capillaries facilitate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and body tissues.

1. Define blood pressure.

1. • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

1. What is the normal range for blood pressure?

1. • The normal range is typically around 120/80 mmHg.

1. Explain the terms “systolic” and “diastolic” in blood pressure readings.

1. • Systolic pressure is the higher number and represents the pressure during heart contractions. Diastolic pressure is the lower number, indicating pressure when the heart is at rest.

1. How is blood pressure regulated in the body?

1. • Blood pressure is regulated by the nervous system, hormones (like adrenaline), and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

1. What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

1. • The SA node is the heart’s natural pacemaker, initiating the electrical impulses that regulate heart rate.

1. Define cardiac output.

1. • Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute and is calculated by multiplying heart rate and stroke volume.

1. Explain the terms “ischemia” and “infarction.”

1. • Ischemia is reduced blood flow to tissues, while infarction is the death of tissue due to inadequate blood supply. Viva Question and Answers Related to Hypersensitivity Reactions

1. What is atherosclerosis?

1. • Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaques (cholesterol, fat, and other substances) in arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow.

1. Describe the role of cholesterol in the cardiovascular system.

1. • Cholesterol is a lipid that contributes to cell structure and is involved in hormone production. High levels can lead to atherosclerosis.

1. What is the purpose of anticoagulant medications?

1. • Anticoagulants prevent blood clot formation and are often prescribed to reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks.

1. Explain the concept of the “cardiac cycle.”

1. • The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occur during one heartbeat, including systole and diastole.

1. What is a myocardial infarction?

1. • A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue damage.  Viva Question and Answers Related to Renal System

1. Define heart failure.

1. • Heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to inadequate circulation.

1. How is heart rate controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

1. • The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic stimulation decreases it.

1. What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in blood pressure regulation?

1. • This system regulates blood pressure by controlling the balance of sodium and water in the body, ultimately affecting blood volume.

1. How does exercise impact the cardiovascular system?

1. • Exercise improves cardiovascular health by strengthening the heart, reducing blood pressure, and increasing circulation.

1. Define peripheral vascular disease.

1. • Peripheral vascular disease involves narrowing or blockage of blood vessels outside the heart and brain, often due to atherosclerosis.

1. Explain the term “venous thrombosis.”

1. • Venous thrombosis is the formation of blood clots in the veins, commonly occurring in deep veins (deep vein thrombosis or DVT).

1. What is the function of the lymphatic system in relation to the cardiovascular system?

1. • The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance, removes waste, and plays a role in immune function.

1. How is blood typing relevant in the context of cardiovascular health?

1. • Blood typing is crucial for blood transfusions, ensuring compatibility between the donor’s and recipient’s blood.

1. Describe the symptoms of angina pectoris.

1. • Angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

1. What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

1. • An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart, providing information about heart rate, rhythm, and any abnormalities.

1. Explain the term “cardiac tamponade.”

1. • Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impairing its function. Viva Question and Answers Related to Foramen of Skull

1. What is the role of platelets in the cardiovascular system?

1. • Platelets are involved in blood clotting, forming a plug at the site of vessel injury to prevent excessive bleeding.

1. Define the term “hypertension.”

1. • Hypertension is persistently high blood pressure, which can lead to various cardiovascular issues if left untreated.

1. How does smoking affect the cardiovascular system?

1. • Smoking increases the risk of atherosclerosis, blood clots, and heart attacks by damaging blood vessels and promoting inflammation.

1. Explain the concept of the Frank-Starling law of the heart.

1. • The Frank-Starling law states that the force of cardiac contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibers.

1. What is the significance of the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave in an ECG?

1. • The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex signifies ventricular depolarization, and the T wave indicates ventricular repolarization.

1. Define atrial fibrillation.

1. • Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and often rapid heart rate that can lead to stroke and other heart-related complications.

1. What is the role of nitroglycerin in cardiovascular medicine?

1. • Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used to treat angina by relaxing blood vessels, improving blood flow to the heart.

1. How is cholesterol transported in the bloodstream?

1. • Cholesterol is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). 30 viva Questions and Answers related to the nerve supply to the Head and Neck

1. Describe the structure and function of arteries.

1. • Arteries have thick, muscular walls to withstand high pressure as they carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various body tissues.

1. What is the role of the baroreceptor reflex in blood pressure regulation?

1. • Baroreceptors, located in the walls of arteries, detect changes in blood pressure and signal the nervous system to regulate it accordingly.

1. Define aortic stenosis.

1. • Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening, restricting blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

1. Explain the term “coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).”

1. • CABG is a surgical procedure that uses a graft to bypass blocked coronary arteries, restoring blood flow to the heart muscle.

1. What is the function of the pericardium?

1. • The pericardium is a sac that surrounds the heart, providing protection and preventing excessive movement. 30 viva question and answers in muscles of head and neck

1. Define endocarditis.

1. • Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.

1. How does obesity impact the cardiovascular system?

1. • Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases by promoting inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.

1. What is the purpose of beta-blockers in cardiovascular treatment?

1. • Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and blood pressure, making them effective in managing conditions like hypertension and certain heart rhythm disorders.

1. Explain the concept of atherosclerotic plaques.

1. • Atherosclerotic plaques are deposits of cholesterol, fat, and other substances that accumulate in arterial walls, leading to vessel narrowing and potential blockages.

1. How does the cardiovascular system interact with the respiratory system?

1. • The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to supply oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange in the lungs. Viva Question and Answers Related to Instruments Used in Periodontics