Viva Question and Answers Related to  Endocrine glands and Hormones

Here are 50 viva questions and answers related to endocrine glands and hormones:

1. What is the endocrine system?

1. • The endocrine system is a network of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological functions in the body.

1. Name the major endocrine glands in the human body.

1. • Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males).

1. What is the master gland of the endocrine system?

1. • The pituitary gland.

1. Where is the pituitary gland located?

1. • It is situated at the base of the brain, below the hypothalamus, in a small bony cavity called the sella turcica.

1. What hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

1. • Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and oxytocin.

1. What is the role of the thyroid gland?

1. • The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by producing thyroid hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

1. What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

1. • The parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the blood by secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH), which stimulates calcium release from bones and absorption in the intestines. Viva Questions and Answers Related to Varicose Veins

1. Where are the adrenal glands located?

1. • They are located on top of each kidney.

1. Name the hormones produced by the adrenal glands.

1. • Cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

1. What is the pancreas and what hormones does it produce?

1. • The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

1. What is insulin, and what is its role?

1. • Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells and the storage of excess glucose in the liver. Viva Questions and Answers Related to Diabetes

1. What is glucagon, and what is its function?

1. • Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver.

1. What is diabetes mellitus?

1. • Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels, either due to insufficient insulin production or the body’s inability to respond properly to insulin.

1. How does the body regulate calcium levels?

1. • Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. PTH increases blood calcium levels, while calcitonin decreases them.

1. What is the role of growth hormone (GH)?

1. • Growth hormone stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration.

1. Where is oxytocin produced, and what is its role?

1. • Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. 30 viva question and answers in muscles of head and neck

1. What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males and females?

1. • In females, LH triggers ovulation, and in males, it stimulates the production of testosterone.

1. What is the menstrual cycle, and which hormones regulate it?

1. • The menstrual cycle is a series of changes in the female reproductive system. Hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, produced by the ovaries, regulate the cycle.

1. What is the role of prolactin?

1. • Prolactin stimulates milk production in mammary glands.

1. What is acromegaly, and what causes it?

1. • Acromegaly is a condition characterized by the excessive production of growth hormone in adults, often caused by a pituitary tumor.

1. What is Cushing’s syndrome?

1. • Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, often due to an overactive adrenal gland or the use of corticosteroid medications. Viva Questions and Answers Related to Antihypertensive Drugs

1. How is diabetes insipidus different from diabetes mellitus?

1. • Diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by excessive thirst and urine production due to insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), whereas diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder involving insulin dysfunction.

1. What is the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

1. • TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones.

1. What is hyperthyroidism, and what are its symptoms?

1. • Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones. Symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and nervousness.

1. What is hypothyroidism, and what are its symptoms?

1. • Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold.

1. What is goiter, and what causes it?

1. • Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by iodine deficiency or thyroid disorders.

1. What is the role of aldosterone?

1. • Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood and helps maintain blood pressure.

1. What is the function of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)?

1. • They are stress hormones that prepare the body for the “fight or flight” response by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow to essential organs. Viva Question and Answers Related to Dental Anatomy

1. How does the body respond to stress through the endocrine system?

1. • The adrenal glands release adrenaline and noradrenaline, initiating the stress response and preparing the body for action.

1. What is the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?

1. • Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, allowing them to use it for energy or store it for later use.

1. Explain the role of calcitonin in calcium regulation.

1. • Calcitonin inhibits the release of calcium from bones and promotes its deposition in bones, lowering blood calcium levels.

1. What is the role of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

1. • Estrogen is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of pregnancy.

1. How does the body regulate water balance through the endocrine system?

1. • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps the kidneys retain water, preventing excessive water loss in urine.

1. What is the function of testosterone in males?

1. • Testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, sperm production, and the maintenance of male reproductive tissues. Viva Question and Answers Related to the Skull

1. What is the role of glucocorticoids?

1. • Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, regulate glucose metabolism, suppress the immune system, and help the body respond to stress.

1. What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?

1. • PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines.

1. How does the endocrine system interact with the nervous system?

1. • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland play crucial roles in coordinating the activities of the endocrine and nervous systems.

1. What is the role of thymosin?

1. • Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland that plays a key role in the development and maturation of T lymphocytes, important for immune function.

1. What is the function of melatonin?

1. • Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, regulates the sleep-wake cycle and helps synchronize the body’s internal biological clock.

1. How does the body regulate blood glucose levels in the absence of insulin?

1. • In the absence of insulin, glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels.

1. What is the role of relaxin in the female reproductive system?

1. • Relaxin is a hormone that helps prepare the cervix and uterus for childbirth by relaxing the uterine muscles and softening the cervix.

1. What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

1. • The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

1. What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the endocrine system?

1. • ANP helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys.

1. How does the endocrine system contribute to the regulation of body temperature?

1. • Thyroid hormones influence metabolic rate, which can affect body temperature regulation. Viva Question and Answers Related to Fluid and Hemodynamic disorders

1. What is the role of paracrine signaling in the endocrine system?

1. • Paracrine signaling involves the release of hormones that affect nearby cells, rather than traveling through the bloodstream.

1. What is the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in growth regulation?

1. • IGFs are stimulated by growth hormone and play a crucial role in promoting growth and development of various tissues.

1. How does the body respond to low blood glucose levels?

1. • Low blood glucose levels stimulate the release of glucagon, which signals the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream.

1. What is the role of thyroglobulin in the production of thyroid hormones?

1. • Thyroglobulin is a protein in the thyroid gland that binds to iodine to form the precursors of thyroid hormones.

1. What is the function of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

1. • CRH stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, leading to the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

1. What is the connection between insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes?

1. • Insulin resistance occurs when cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels, a key feature of type 2 diabetes. Viva Question and Answers Related to the Calcification and Eruption of Teeth